Population and Size:  Dhaka is one of the most densely populated cities on Earth. As of the latest census conducted in 2023, Dhaka’s urban population stands at approximately 22.4 million people (10.4 million within the city itself).  The city spreads across a land area of about 118 square miles (306 square kilometers), creating an average population density of over 88,135 per square mile (33,987 people per square kilometer). Dhaka’s population has been growing at a staggering rate of 3.6% per annum over the past decade, primarily fueled by rural-urban migration seeking better employment opportunities and improved quality of life.

Geographic:  Strategically situated in the center of the country, Dhaka sits on the eastern banks of the Buriganga River in central Bangladesh.  The geographic coordinates of Dhaka are approximately 23.8103° N latitude and 90.4125° E longitude.

Dhaka is predominantly flat based on its topography, courtesy of the Bengal Delta, the largest river delta in the world.  This deltaic plain results in fertile soil but also makes the city prone to flooding, especially during the monsoon season.  The average elevation of Dhaka is 13 feet (4 meters) above sea level, with the highest point around 43 feet (13 meters) and the lowest near sea level.

As for natural features, the city is crisscrossed by many rivers besides the Buriganga, such as the Dhaleshwari, Sitalakhya, and Turag.  These rivers contribute significantly to the city’s transport, commerce, and fishing industry. However, Dhaka is not characterized by mountains or lakes of substantial size.

Climate:  Dhaka has a tropical savannah climate, dictated by the monsoon.  Temperatures in the city can vary significantly, offering a hot summer and cooler winter.  The average annual temperature is around 79°F (26°C). The hottest months are April and May, where the mercury often climbs above 91°F (33°C).

Precipitation in Dhaka is heavily influenced by the monsoon season, which typically lasts from June to September.  The city receives an average annual rainfall of about 87 inches (2,200 millimeters), the bulk of which falls during this monsoon period.

Dhaka experiences three major seasons: the monsoon season, characterized by heavy rains; a dry, cool winter from October to March; and a hot, humid summer from March to June.

Demographics:  Dhaka presents a rich tapestry of ethnic diversity, though the predominant ethnic group is the Bengalis, comprising over 98% of the city’s population.  Other ethnic groups include Biharis and several tribal groups.

Age distribution in Dhaka shows a relatively youthful population.  Over 60% of the city’s inhabitants are under 30, creating a vibrant, dynamic, and youthful cityscape. This young workforce is a major driver of the city’s economic growth.

The official and most widely spoken language in Dhaka is Bengali, though English is also commonly used in official and business circles due to historical ties with the British Empire.

Religiously, Islam is the dominant faith in Dhaka, with over 90% of the city’s population being Muslim.  The remainder of the population follows Hinduism, Buddhism, Christianity, and other religions.

Infrastructure:  Dhaka’s transportation infrastructure is a blend of traditional and modern systems.  The city has an extensive network of buses, auto-rickshaws (locally known as CNGs), and cycle rickshaws.  The city’s traffic congestion is notorious, and in an attempt to alleviate this, the city has seen the construction of the Dhaka Metro Rail, a rapid transit system aiming to provide a faster and more reliable mode of transport.

The city is served by the Hazrat Shahjalal International Airport, the largest airport in Bangladesh, providing connections to major cities around the world.  Dhaka also has an important river port, Sadarghat, which accommodates ferries and cargo ships.

The utility infrastructure in Dhaka faces challenges but has seen significant improvements over the years. Power supply has become more stable, and efforts are being made to increase the share of renewable energy.  Water supply and sanitation remain issues of concern, with the Dhaka Water Supply and Sewerage Authority working to improve the situation.

Telecommunication infrastructure in Dhaka is relatively developed, with a high penetration of mobile phone users.  The city also has a rapidly growing internet user base, with many connected via 4G networks and ongoing projects to roll out 5G networks.

Dhaka boasts some of the best healthcare facilities in Bangladesh, with a mix of public and private hospitals. However, there’s room for improvement in terms of accessibility and quality of healthcare services.  The government has been investing in the healthcare sector, particularly in public health and preventative care.

Economy:  The economy of Dhaka is vibrant and diverse, driven by various industries, including textiles, leather goods, pharmaceuticals, information technology, ceramics, shipbuilding, and steel production.  The ready-made garments industry, however, plays a crucial role, as Bangladesh is one of the largest garment exporters worldwide, with many of these factories situated in Dhaka.

Employment in Dhaka is dynamic, reflecting the city’s growing economy.  The service sector employs a significant portion of the workforce, particularly in retail, banking, hospitality, and public administration.  The manufacturing industry, notably garments, also absorbs a considerable chunk of the city’s labor force. However, the informal economy, such as small-scale trading and daily wage labor, also plays a critical role.

Dhaka contributes significantly to Bangladesh’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP).  As of 2023, the city’s GDP stands at approximately $215 billion, accounting for over a third of the country’s total GDP.  Dhaka’s GDP per capita is roughly $10,200, significantly higher than the national average.

Tourism in Dhaka is a burgeoning sector. The city’s rich historical and cultural attractions, combined with a growing number of modern amenities, make it a compelling destination.  Dhaka’s old city, home to historic sites like Lalbagh Fort and the Star Mosque, draws visitors from around the globe. The city also offers a unique shopping experience, particularly for textiles and handicrafts.

Governance:  Dhaka is administratively divided into two city corporations: Dhaka North and Dhaka South. Each is governed by a Mayor and a council of Ward Commissioners, elected by the city’s residents.  The local government is responsible for providing essential municipal services, including water, sanitation, waste management, and infrastructure maintenance.

The city corporations provide a wide range of public services.  This includes waste disposal, street cleaning, maintaining public parks, and overseeing the city’s markets.  Both corporations also work closely with the national government and private sector partners to enhance service provision.

The local government oversees primary and secondary education in Dhaka, with numerous public and private schools throughout the city.  For tertiary education, Dhaka hosts several renowned universities, including the University of Dhaka and Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology.

Public spaces in Dhaka, like parks and squares, are managed by the city corporations.  Some of the notable public spaces in the city include Ramna Park, Suhrawardy Udyan, and Dhanmondi Lake.

Culture and Entertainment:  Dhaka boasts numerous architectural and historical landmarks.  The 17th-century Lalbagh Fort, the Jatiya Sangsad Bhaban (National Parliament House) designed by the renowned architect Louis Kahn, and the 19th-century Ahsan Manzil are among the city’s iconic landmarks.

Dhaka has a thriving arts scene, with numerous galleries and art festivals.  The Dhaka Art Summit, held biennially, showcases contemporary and traditional art from Bangladesh and beyond. The city is also home to the Bangladesh National Museum, which displays a vast collection of artifacts showcasing the country’s rich history and culture.

Dhaka is a city of festivals, celebrating numerous cultural and religious events throughout the year.  Pohela Boishakh (Bengali New Year), Durga Puja, and Eid are among the most widely celebrated.  The city also hosts the Dhaka International Film Festival, attracting filmmakers and enthusiasts from around the world.

Cricket is the most popular sport in Dhaka, with the city being home to the Bangladesh national team’s main venue, Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium.  Football also has a significant following, with the Bangabandhu National Stadium regularly hosting matches.  Dhaka also has facilities for other sports, such as golf, tennis, and swimming.

Safety and Security:  Like any major city, Dhaka experiences its share of crime.  However, overall crime rates have been trending downwards in recent years, due in part to increased law enforcement efforts and community-based initiatives.

Dhaka has a robust emergency services system.  The city’s police force, the Dhaka Metropolitan Police, is responsible for maintaining law and order.  Firefighting services are provided by the Bangladesh Fire Service and Civil Defense.  There are also numerous public and private hospitals equipped with emergency departments throughout the city.

Dhaka’s location in a deltaic region makes it vulnerable to natural disasters, particularly floods and cyclones. However, disaster preparedness and management have significantly improved over the years.  The city has implemented early warning systems, built cyclone shelters, and conducted regular community-based disaster preparedness training.

Education and Research:  Dhaka offers a wide range of educational institutions, from government-funded schools to private institutions offering international curricula.  Notable schools include Dhaka College, Viqarunnisa Noon School, and Scholastica School.

The city is home to several prestigious research institutions.  The Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies conducts research in social and economic development, while the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, is a global leader in health research.  The University of Dhaka and other tertiary institutions also contribute significantly to research output.

Numerous scholarships are available for students in Dhaka.  These are offered by both public and private entities and are available at various levels, from primary school through to postgraduate studies.

Historical Highlights

Origins and Early History:  The history of Dhaka is as intriguing as it is diverse, with origins shrouded in both myth and historical chronicles.  It is believed that the name ‘Dhaka’ is derived from the Dhak tree, which was common in the area in the past, or from the Dhakeshwari temple, built by the Sena dynasty.

Dhaka’s early history saw it as a part of various empires, including the Mauryan, Gupta, and Pala Empires. However, it wasn’t until the 17th century, during the Mughal Empire, when Dhaka began to gain prominence.

The Mughal Era:  The Mughal era, from the early 17th century to the late 18th century, was a significant period for Dhaka.  It became the capital of Bengal under Mughal rule in 1608. During this period, Dhaka was known as Jahangir Nagar, named after the Mughal Emperor Jahangir. The city prospered and became a prominent center of trade, especially in muslin – a high-quality cotton textile.

Many of Dhaka’s notable architectural structures, like the Lalbagh Fort and the Choto Katra, were built during the Mughal era.  These structures bear testament to Dhaka’s prosperity and the architectural prowess of the period.

The Colonial Era:  The colonial era began with the establishment of British rule in 1757 after the Battle of Plassey. Under British rule, Dhaka lost its status as a provincial capital, which led to a period of economic decline.  However, Dhaka remained an important administrative and commercial center, with indigo and jute industries growing under British influence.

Independence and Beyond:  The partition of India in 1947 had a profound impact on Dhaka’s destiny, turning it into the capital of East Pakistan.  This period witnessed the Language Movement in 1952, where several students and political activists were killed while advocating for the recognition of Bengali as a state language.

In 1971, following a brutal war of independence against Pakistan, Dhaka became the capital of the newly formed independent nation of Bangladesh.  Since then, Dhaka has experienced rapid urbanization and growth, transforming into a bustling megacity that is the cultural, political, and economic hub of the country.

Unique and Interesting Stories

The Story of Muslin:  Dhaka’s history is intricately tied to muslin, a delicate and finely woven cotton fabric. In the Mughal era, Dhaka was renowned across the world for producing the finest muslin, known as ‘Daka’. This gossamer-like fabric was a luxury item demanded by royalty and the elite, and Dhaka’s weavers were masters in the craft.  The British colonial period saw the decline of the muslin industry due to industrial competition and oppressive policies.  However, recent efforts have been made to revive this historic craft, linking Dhaka back to its glorious past.

The Legend of Dhakeshwari:  The Dhakeshwari Temple, from which the city supposedly derives its name, holds an interesting legend.  It was believed to be built by a king of the Sena dynasty, Ballal Sen, in the 12th century. According to legend, the king had a dream where the goddess Dhakeshwari directed him to build a temple in her honor.  The Dhakeshwari Temple still stands today as the most important Hindu place of worship in Dhaka.

Language Martyrs and the Birth of International Mother Language Day:  An interesting story from more recent history is the struggle for language rights that led to the creation of International Mother Language Day.  On February 21, 1952, students and political activists protested against the imposition of Urdu as the sole official language by the Pakistani government.  The demonstration was met with violent retaliation, leading to several deaths.  This event, known as the Language Movement, was a significant factor leading to Bangladesh’s independence.  In tribute to the language martyrs, UNESCO declared February 21 as International Mother Language Day in 1999, emphasizing the importance of linguistic diversity and rights worldwide.

Dhaka, with its heady mix of culture, history, and rapid urbanization, presents an intriguing microcosm of Bangladesh.  Its significant growth in population and economy encapsulates both the challenges and opportunities faced by emerging cities in developing nations.  Despite the hurdles in infrastructure, healthcare, and utilities, Dhaka’s continued improvements in these sectors underscore the city’s determination to overcome its growing pains.  The city’s rich heritage, youthful demographic, and ongoing development all position Dhaka as a city with a bright future, bridging its traditional roots with modern aspirations.  Dhaka is #4 on our list of Top 10 Largest Cities in the World.

Population and Size:  Cairo, with its current urban population of approximately 21.7 million inhabitants (9.6 million within the city), remains the largest city in Africa and the Middle East.  Spread across an area of around 1,191 miles (3,085 square kilometers), Cairo has a population density of approximately 8,060 people per square mile (3,112 people per square kilometer).  The population has grown steadily at an annual rate of about 2.04% over the last decade, a rate slightly lower than the national average.  This growth can be attributed to the continued economic opportunities the city offers and its cultural and historical significance, which continues to draw people from across the nation and the globe.

Geographic:  Cairo is strategically situated at 30.0444° N, 31.2357° E, along the Nile River in northeastern Egypt.  The city is nestled between the Mediterranean Sea to the north and the spectacular Sahara desert to the west, enjoying a unique geographic placement that has shaped its historical, economic, and cultural trajectory.

The topography of Cairo is relatively flat due to its positioning in the Nile Delta.  However, the city’s southernmost point, at Moqattam Hills, has an elevation of approximately 345 feet (105 meters) above sea level.  This terrain has influenced Cairo’s expansion over the centuries, with growth being predominantly towards the north and the west.  Cairo is remarkably devoid of natural lakes, but the life-giving Nile River, Egypt’s primary water source, flows through the city, offering a stunning natural spectacle.

Climate:  Cairo’s climate is a hot desert type, characterized by a significant temperature difference between summer and winter.  Summers (May to October) are intensely hot and dry, with temperatures often exceeding  95°F (35°C). Winter (November to April), on the other hand, offers a stark contrast with mild and somewhat pleasant temperatures, usually hovering around  68°F (20°C).

The city experiences minimal annual precipitation, averaging less than an inch a year, mostly during the winter months.  Despite the scorching summer heat, Cairo’s weather is generally comfortable due to low humidity levels.  Additionally, the city’s location near the Sahara desert influences its seasonal “Khamsin” wind, a hot, sand-laden wind that blows from the south, primarily in the spring.

Demographics:  The demographic landscape of Cairo is predominantly homogenous, with the vast majority of the population being ethnic Egyptians.  However, a subtle blend of minorities, including Nubians, Bedouins, and other small ethnic communities, adds to the city’s cultural richness.

In terms of age distribution, Cairo’s population is relatively young, with a median age of around 24 years. About two-thirds of the population are under the age of 30, making Cairo a youthful and dynamic city.

Arabic is the official language and is spoken by virtually all Cairenes. English and French are also widely understood and used, particularly in business and tourism sectors.

Religiously, Cairo is predominantly Muslim, with Islam being practiced by the majority of the population. However, the city is also home to a sizeable Coptic Christian community and small clusters of other religious minorities, highlighting the city’s religious diversity.

Infrastructure:  Cairo’s infrastructure is a blend of historical grandeur and modern practicality.  From ancient pyramids and mosques to contemporary high-rises and metro lines, the city’s built environment reflects its deep-rooted history and rapid modernization.

The city boasts an extensive transportation system, including the Cairo Metro, one of only two metro systems in Africa.  The metro serves over 4 million people daily, providing an efficient and affordable means of transportation.  Cairo International Airport serves as the primary aviation hub, linking the city to the rest of the world.  The city’s road network is extensive but is often subject to traffic congestion due to the high population density.

Cairo’s utilities infrastructure is robust, with most households having access to electricity, water, and sanitation facilities.  However, as the city continues to grow, challenges in maintaining and expanding these utilities remain.

In terms of communication, Cairo is a hub for media and telecommunication in the Middle East and North Africa.  With widespread access to internet services and a high rate of mobile phone penetration, the city is one of the region’s most connected.

Cairo’s healthcare system includes both public and private facilities.  The city is home to several of Egypt’s most important hospitals and medical research institutes.  However, like many growing megacities, Cairo faces challenges in ensuring accessible and high-quality healthcare for all its residents.

Economy:  Cairo serves as Egypt’s economic hub, contributing significantly to the nation’s GDP.  As of 2023, the city’s GDP stands at approximately $140 billion, making it one of the largest economies in the Middle East and North Africa.

The city’s economy is diverse, with key sectors including manufacturing, construction, telecommunications, and information technology.  Cairo’s manufacturing sector produces goods ranging from textiles to automobiles and food products.  The city’s strategic location on the Nile River has historically facilitated trade and commerce, a factor that continues to play a significant role in its thriving economy.

Employment in Cairo is driven by both the public and private sectors, with a significant portion of the city’s workforce employed in government services.  However, over the last decade, the private sector, particularly in areas like technology, retail, and finance, has seen substantial growth.

Tourism forms a vital part of Cairo’s economy.  Home to iconic historical landmarks such as the Pyramids of Giza, the Sphinx, and the Egyptian Museum, the city draws millions of tourists each year.  In addition to its historical and cultural attractions, Cairo’s vibrant street life, bustling markets, and rich culinary scene contribute to its status as a premier tourist destination.

Governance:  Cairo’s local governance structure is multifaceted, composed of the Cairo Governorate and various city councils.  The Cairo Governorate, headed by the Governor, oversees all aspects of the city’s administration, from public utilities and transport to health and education.  Local councils at the district level handle more localized issues.

Public services in Cairo are diverse and extensive, encompassing utilities, public transportation, waste management, and more.  Nevertheless, rapid urbanization and population growth have presented challenges to delivering these services efficiently and equitably.

Education in Cairo is overseen by the Ministry of Education and the Cairo Governorate.  The city boasts numerous public and private schools, offering education in Arabic, English, French, and German.

Cairo’s public spaces are a testament to its historical and cultural richness.  The city offers a variety of parks, gardens, and public squares, including the famous Tahrir Square.  These public spaces serve as vital communal areas for social interaction and cultural events.

Culture and Entertainment:  Cairo, often referred to as the city of a thousand minarets, boasts an incredibly vibrant and diverse cultural scene.  From its ancient pyramids and historical mosques to contemporary art galleries and theaters, the city’s cultural offerings are vast and varied.

Landmarks such as the Pyramids of Giza, the Sphinx, the Egyptian Museum, and the Citadel offer glimpses into the city’s historical and cultural depth.  Contemporary arts are promoted in places like the Cairo Opera House and various art galleries scattered throughout the city.

Cairo’s festivals, such as the Cairo International Film Festival, the Cairo Jazz Festival, and various religious festivals, highlight the city’s rich cultural tapestry.  Sports also play a significant role in Cairo’s culture, with football being particularly popular.  The city hosts several internationally recognized football teams and stadiums.

Safety and Security:  Cairo, like any major global city, faces challenges related to safety and security.  The city’s crime rate is generally comparable to other cities of similar size. However, petty crime such as pickpocketing can be an issue, particularly in crowded areas. More serious crimes are relatively less common.

Emergency services in Cairo are extensive and responsive, with several hospitals and clinics offering 24/7 emergency care.  The city’s fire department and police force are also well-equipped to respond to emergencies.

In terms of disaster preparedness, Cairo’s geographical location exposes it to certain natural hazards, including earthquakes and occasional flooding.  The government has made strides in improving the city’s preparedness for such events, investing in early warning systems and emergency response infrastructure.

Education and Research:  Cairo is a leading center for education and research in the Middle East and Africa. The city is home to numerous universities, including the esteemed Cairo University, Ain Shams University, and the American University in Cairo.  These institutions offer a wide range of programs in various fields and contribute significantly to academic research in the region.

The city also hosts several dedicated research institutions, including the National Research Center and the Agricultural Research Center.  These institutions conduct critical research in fields such as agriculture, medicine, engineering, and natural sciences.

Scholarship programs are available for students from diverse backgrounds.  Notably, the Egyptian government and various international bodies offer scholarships for Egyptian students and foreign students studying in Egypt.  These scholarships provide opportunities for students to pursue quality education and contribute to Cairo’s intellectual vibrancy.

Historical Highlights

Cairo, the capital of Egypt, has a history that spans millennia, intertwining diverse civilizations and cultures. The city’s chronicle can be divided into several eras, each of which has left its indelible mark on Cairo’s tapestry.

Early Cairo:  The roots of Cairo can be traced back to 2000 BCE, when the ancient city of Memphis, located near present-day Cairo, served as Egypt’s capital.  In the 1st century, the Romans established a fortress town known as Babylon-in-Egypt, parts of which still exist in Old Cairo.

Fatimid Dynasty:  However, the Cairo we know today truly began to take shape in 969 CE with the arrival of the Fatimid Dynasty.  They founded Al-Qahirah (The Victorious), known in English as Cairo.  The Fatimids constructed significant buildings like Al-Azhar Mosque, which later became one of the world’s oldest universities.

Rule of Mamluks:  The city further flourished under the rule of the Mamluks from the 13th to the 16th centuries.  The Mamluks, former slave soldiers who rose to power, left an enduring architectural legacy, constructing many mosques, madrasas, and caravanserais, contributing to Cairo’s reputation as the city of a thousand minarets.

Modernization:  In the mid-19th century, under the rule of Khedive Ismail, Cairo underwent significant modernization.  Ismail envisioned Cairo as a “Paris on the Nile,” leading to the construction of numerous European-style buildings and infrastructure.

20th Century:  Recent Cairo’s more recent history is equally notable. In the 20th century, the city was at the center of major political and social changes, from the overthrow of the monarchy in 1952 to the Arab Spring protests in 2011.  Today, Cairo continues to evolve, striving to balance its rich historical heritage with the demands of a rapidly modernizing metropolis.

Unique and Interesting Stories

Cairo’s rich history has given rise to a myriad of fascinating stories and legends that add to the city’s allure.

Cairo Name:  One such tale revolves around the origins of the name Cairo.  The city was originally named Al-Qahirah after the planet Mars, known as “Al-Najm Al-Qahir” in Arabic, which was rising in the sky at the time the city was founded.  The Fatimids considered this a favorable omen, hence the name.

Giza Pyramids:  Another interesting narrative pertains to the iconic Pyramids of Giza.  Contrary to popular belief, these ancient wonders were not built by slaves but by paid laborers.  This revelation emerged from ancient papyrus scrolls discovered at the Red Sea port of Wadi al-Jarf, offering a unique insight into the pyramid builders’ lives.

Cairo Cemetery:  Cairo’s City of the Dead, a sprawling cemetery that has become home to living residents, offers another fascinating story.  In this vast necropolis, tombs and mausoleums double as dwellings, with families living amongst their ancestors.  This unusual living arrangement, a response to Cairo’s housing shortage, presents a poignant blend of life and death, history and the present.

Nilometer:  The tale of Cairo’s “Nilometer” is another intriguing narrative.  Constructed in 861 CE, this ancient device was used to measure the Nile’s water level.  High readings indicated a bountiful harvest, low readings predicted famine, and readings in the middle meant a balanced year.  The Nilometer represents the ingenuity of Cairo’s inhabitants and their symbiotic relationship with the Nile.

Cairo, with its rich history, cultural diversity, and dynamic urban landscape, is truly a city like no other.  It is a city where the past and present intermingle in a captivating dance, offering an unparalleled experience for inhabitants and visitors alike.  Cairo is a testament to human civilization’s resilience and ingenuity, serving as a mirror reflecting humanity’s historical journey while simultaneously gazing into the future’s boundless possibilities.  As the city continues to grow and evolve, it carries with it the profound legacy of its past, shaping its trajectory in a rapidly changing world.  Cairo is #7 on our list of Top 10 Largest Cities in the World.